Prior to processing, 695 T1 images were visually inspected for quality.
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) completed in 693 scans using the Computational Anatomy Toolbox 12 (CAT12: Version 12.5) in Statistical Parametric Mapping 12 (SPM12: Version 7487) Ashburner (2009).
T1-weighted structural images were corrected for bias-field inhomogeneities, registered using linear (12 parameter affine) and non-linear transformations, then spatially normalized using the DARTEL algorithm, and segmented into gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid (Ashburner 2007).
Further quality control was conducted using the CAT12’s quality assurance framework.
This is a retrospective, quantitative measure that evaluates image parameters such as noise, inhomogeneities and image resolution, placing images on a rating scale and assigning a letter grade to each image. Any scan rated B- or above is considered good quality, and any scans rated C- to C+ are considered satisfactory. In our data, all CAT12 output rated C+ or below were further visually inspected for gray matter segmentation quality.
Any scan with gray matter segmentation that did not capture the gray matter, or included non-gray matter voxels, were excluded from further analysis.
A total of 682 participants passed this quality inspection criteria and had complete demographic data.
Ashburner, John. 2007. “A Fast Diffeomorphic Image Registration Algorithm.” Neuroimage 38 (1): 95–113.
———. 2009. “Computational Anatomy with the SPM Software.” Magnetic Resonance Imaging 27 (8): 1163–74.
Ashburner, John, and Karl J. Friston. 2005.
“Unified Segmentation.” NeuroImage 26 (3): 839–51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018.
Di Martino, A., C. G. Yan, Q. Li, E. Denio, F. X. Castellanos, K. Alaerts, J. S. Anderson, et al. 2014.
“The Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange: Towards a Large-Scale Evaluation of the Intrinsic Brain Architecture in Autism.” Molecular Psychiatry 19 (6): 659–67.
https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.78.
Gorgolewski, Krzysztof J., Gael Varoquaux, Gabriel Rivera, Yannick Schwarz, Satrajit S. Ghosh, Camille Maumet, Vanessa V. Sochat, et al. 2015.
“NeuroVault.org: A Web-Based Repository for Collecting and Sharing Unthresholded Statistical Maps of the Human Brain.” Frontiers in Neuroinformatics 9.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2015.00008.
Kang, Kaidi, Megan T. Jones, Kristan Armstrong, Suzanne Avery, Maureen McHugo, Stephan Heckers, and Simon Vandekar. 2023.
“Accurate Confidence and Bayesian Interval Estimation for Non-Centrality Parameters and Effect Size Indices.” Psychometrika, February.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-022-09899-x.
Lehmann, Erich L., and Joseph P. Romano. 2005.
Testing Statistical Hypotheses. 3rd ed. Springer
Texts in
Statistics. New York: Springer-Verlag.
https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27605-X.
Maumet, Camille, Tibor Auer, Alexander Bowring, Gang Chen, Samir Das, Guillaume Flandin, Satrajit Ghosh, et al. 2016.
“Sharing Brain Mapping Statistical Results with the Neuroimaging Data Model.” Scientific Data 3 (December).
https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.102.
Muschelli, John, Adrian Gherman, Jean-Philippe Fortin, Brian Avants, Brandon Whitcher, Jonathan D. Clayden, Brian S. Caffo, and Ciprian M. Crainiceanu. 2018.
“Neuroconductor: An R Platform for Medical Imaging Analysis.” Biostatistics.
https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxx068.
Vandekar, Simon N., Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Cedric H. Xia, Azeez Adebimpe, Kosha Ruparel, Ruben C. Gur, Raquel E. Gur, and Russell T. Shinohara. 2019.
“Robust Spatial Extent Inference with a Semiparametric Bootstrap Joint Inference Procedure.” Biometrics 75 (4): 1145–55.
https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.13114.
Vandekar, Simon N., and Jeremy Stephens. 2021.
“Improving the Replicability of Neuroimaging Findings by Thresholding Effect Sizes Instead of p-Values.” Human Brain Mapping 42 (8): 2393–98.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25374.
Vandekar, Simon, Ran Tao, and Jeffrey Blume. 2020.
“A Robust Effect Size Index.” Psychometrika 85 (1): 232–46.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-020-09698-2.
Winkler, Anderson M., Gerard R. Ridgway, Matthew A. Webster, Stephen M. Smith, and Thomas E. Nichols. 2014. “Permutation Inference for the General Linear Model.” Neuroimage 92: 381–97.
Zang, Yu-Feng, He Yong, Zhu Chao-Zhe, Cao Qing-Jiu, Sui Man-Qiu, Liang Meng, Tian Li-Xia, Jiang Tian-Zi, and Wang Yu-Feng. 2007. “Altered Baseline Brain Activity in Children with ADHD Revealed by Resting-State Functional MRI.” Brain and Development 29 (2): 83–91.